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The relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's stress–strain curve. It is unique for each material and is found by recording the amount of deformation (strain) at distinct intervals of tensile or compressive loading (stress). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material (including data to establish the Modulus of Elasticity, E).
Elastic Limit:
The maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent deformation is known as Elastic Limit.
When stress is applied on a body its dimensions change, these changes can be reversed if the stress applied do not cross a certain limit.
This certain limit within which the material when unloaded will re-gain its original dimensions is known as Elastic Limit or Proportional limit.
Beyond the elastic limit the changes will be permanent and cannot be reversed without an external force. Brittle materials tend to break at or shortly past their elastic limit, while ductile materials deform at stress levels beyond their elastic limit.
Yield Point or Yield Stress:
It is the lowest stress in a material at which the material begins to exhibit plastic properties. Beyond this point an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress which is called Yielding.
Ultimate Strength:
It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking.
Strain Hardening:
It is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation because of dislocation (irregular) movements within the crystal structure of the material. Any material with a reasonably high melting point such as metals and alloys can be strengthened by this method.
Strain Energy:
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the body. The energy that is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is known as strain energy.
Resilience:
The total strain energy stored in the body is generally known as resilience.
Proof Resilience:
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within elastic limit is known as proof resilience.
Modulus of Resilience:
It is the ratio of the proof resilience of the material to the unit volume.
Modulus of resilience = Proof resilience /Volume of the body.
Stress Strain Diagram for ductile materials
Ductile materials, which includes structural steel and many alloys of other metals, are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures.
Ductility: ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire.
Malleability: Malleability is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed without fracture.
Stress Strain Diagram for Brittle materials
Brittle materials, which includes cast iron, glass, Carbon fiber and stone, concrete are characterized by the fact that rupture occurs without any noticeable prior change in the rate of elongation.
These materials do not have a yield point, and do not strain-harden. Therefore, the ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.
Rough estimation type of material by seeing it's failure
The maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent deformation is known as Elastic Limit.
When stress is applied on a body its dimensions change, these changes can be reversed if the stress applied do not cross a certain limit.
This certain limit within which the material when unloaded will re-gain its original dimensions is known as Elastic Limit or Proportional limit.
Beyond the elastic limit the changes will be permanent and cannot be reversed without an external force. Brittle materials tend to break at or shortly past their elastic limit, while ductile materials deform at stress levels beyond their elastic limit.
Yield Point or Yield Stress:
It is the lowest stress in a material at which the material begins to exhibit plastic properties. Beyond this point an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress which is called Yielding.
Ultimate Strength:
It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking.
Strain Hardening:
It is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation because of dislocation (irregular) movements within the crystal structure of the material. Any material with a reasonably high melting point such as metals and alloys can be strengthened by this method.
Strain Energy:
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the body. The energy that is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is known as strain energy.
Resilience:
The total strain energy stored in the body is generally known as resilience.
Proof Resilience:
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within elastic limit is known as proof resilience.
Modulus of Resilience:
It is the ratio of the proof resilience of the material to the unit volume.
Modulus of resilience = Proof resilience /Volume of the body.
Stress Strain Diagram for ductile materials
Ductile materials, which includes structural steel and many alloys of other metals, are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures.Ductility: ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire.
Malleability: Malleability is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed without fracture.
Stress Strain Diagram for Brittle materials
Brittle materials, which includes cast iron, glass, Carbon fiber and stone, concrete are characterized by the fact that rupture occurs without any noticeable prior change in the rate of elongation.
These materials do not have a yield point, and do not strain-harden. Therefore, the ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.
Rough estimation type of material by seeing it's failure
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