Fluid mechanics VIVA QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

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PLUMBING

Introduction

Plumbing deals with the laying of a pipeline. A craftsman may be perfectly proficient with the hammer, saw and other tools, but the faces difficulties with leaking pipes and overflowing toilets. Many people rush to a plumber on seeking a tripping pipe, but a person with a little knowledge of the sanitary system can control this problem easily, saving time and, one with help of few tools.

Plumbing tools

The tools used by a plumber can be classified as follows

1. Pipe wrench 
2. Pipe vice
3. Pipe cutter
4. Hacksaw 
5. Dies
6. Files and Rasps
7. Plumb bob

Pipe wrench

A pipe wrench is used for holding and turning the pipes, rods and machine prts. Wrenches are classified as follows.

1.Fixed wrenches 

2. Adjustable wrenches.

Pipe vice

A pipe vice is fitted on the work bench. This has a set of jaws to grip the pipe and prevent it from turning while cutting, threading and fitting of bends, couplings etc. The yoke vice is commonly used in plumbing used in plumbing practice.

Pipe cutter

The pipe cutter mainly consists of three wheels which are hardened with sharp cutting edges along their periphery. Of these three wheels, one can be adjusted to any desired distance to accommodate different size of pipes. After adjusting the cutter on a pipe, it is around the pipe, so that the cutter wheels cut the pipe along a circle as shown in fig.

Hack saw

A hacksaw is used for cutting metal rods, bars, pipes, etc.

Threading dies and taps

It is used for cutting external thread on pipes. Threads are produced in various shape and sizes which are used for fitting inside a handle.

Files and rasps

The file surface is covered with sharp edged teeth and its used for removing metal by rubbing. A rasp is used for finishing the surface of the work piece.

Plumb bob

It is used for check the vertical line and made up of steel or brass.

Pipe fittings 

Pipe fittings are made up of wrought iron. The size of pipe fitting is designated by the size of the pipe on which it fits. some of the common pipe fittings are shown in fig

Coupling

It is a short a cylindrical sleeve with internal threads throughout. A couplings is used for joining two pipes in a straight and bend where at least one pipe can be turned.

Union

A union is used for joining two pieces of pipes, where either can be turned. It consists of three parts, two parts joint can be screwed, in to two pipe ends, and the third on for tightening called center part.

Nipple

A nipple is a short piece of pipe with external threads at both ends. It is used to make up the required length of a pipe line.

Elbow

An elbow is to make an angle between adjacent pipes.

Tee

A tee is a fitting that has one side outlet at a right angle to the run. It is used for a single outlet branch pipe.

Reducer

It is used to connect two different sized of pipes

Plug

It is used to screw on to a threaded opening, for closing it temporarily.

Valves

Valves are used for regulating the flow of fluid through a pipe. The commonly usedvalves in plumbing’s are

1. Gate valve

2.Globe valve

3. Plug valve 

4.Check valve 

5. Air relief valve.

Types of pipe joints

Bell and spigot joints

A connection between two sections of pipe i.e. the straight spigot end of one section is inserted into the flared out end of the adjoining section. The joint is sealed by a sealing

component.

Flanged joints

A flanged joint helps to connect and disconnect two pipes as per the need. A similar example is as shown in fig.

Bolted joints

The use of bolted joint is advantageous in the following circumstances

1. The component that cannot be serviced in line.
2. The components being joined that are not capable of being welded.
3. Quick field assembly is required.
4. The component or pipe section that needs to be frequently removed for surface.

Threaded joints

Threads are cutted in a pipe, flange coupling to connect them with each other and these joints are called threaded joints.

Flexible joints

The flexible joints are generally used to connect between a washbasin and an angle valve.

Swing joints 

Swing joints are special purpose joints mainly used for industrial oriented purposes where a long bend is required.

Welded and brazed joints

Welded and brazed joints are the most commonly used joints for joining pipe components.

Expansion joints

Expansions joints are specially designed in pipeline where a small extension of pipe is required 

Single line diagram

Single line diagram are most commonly used in plumbing diagram. All power plants and bottling plant pipes are made by the single line piping diagram.

Double line diagram

It is used for catalogs and other applications where the visual appearance is more important.

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